LibGuides: Citation & Referencing Guide: Harvard Citation Style

Citing In-Text

Type of Citation	First citation in text
One work by one author	Mitchell (2017, p. 189) states. Or (Mitchell, 2017, p. 189)
One work by two or three author	Mitchell, Rose and Mantee (2017, p. 189) state. Or (Mitchell, Rose and Mantee, 2017, p. 189)
Four or more authors	Mantee et al (2019, p.20) or (Mantee et al, 2019, p.20)
No author	Use the organisation reponsible for the post in place of an author in italics: (Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2019, pp. 129-140) OR Use the title in place of an author in italics: (Harvard Citation, 2016, p.90)
Multiple Works in One Parentheses	(Mitchell, 2017, p. 189; Smith, 200; Andrews, 1989, pp. 165-176)
Multiple Works From the Same Author in the Same Year:	(Mitchell, 2017a, p. 189) or Mitchell (2017b, p. 189)

Harvard Citation Rules

The following rules apply when using Harvard Citation guide:

In-text citations contain the author(s)’s or editor(s)’s surname, year of publication and page number(s). e.g. Rose (2018, p. 18) states.. Or (Rose, 2018, p. 18)
If there are four or more authors; the first author’s surname should be stated followed by ‘et al'.
If there is no author, use the organization responsible for the post in place of the author in italics. If not, use the title in italics.
If there are multiple works in one parentheses, list the in-text citations in the normal way but with semicolons between different references.
If a book has more than six authors, give the first six authors and abbreviate the remaining authors to et al.(meaning: "and others").
If referencing multiple works from one author released in the same year, the works are allocated a letter (a, b, c etc) after the year. This allocation is done in the reference list so is done alphabetically according to the author's surname and source title.

Recommended Literature

Harvard Format Citation Guide

Quick Tips

Use ellipsis which is 3 full stops (...) to cut unnecessary words from a long quotation and show the reader that text has been omitted.

Harvard Citation & Referencing Examples

Citation: Author Last name (Year) or (Author Last name, Year)

Reference:Author/Editor Last name,Initials. (Year) Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference - ebook: Authors’ Last name, Initials. (Year) Title of book. Available at: URL (Downloaded: Day Month Year).

	In Text Citation	Reference List
No editor - Print book	.... citing sources (Pears & Shields, 2016) or Pears and Shields (2016) argue that...	Pears, R., & Shields, G. J. (2016). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. Gaborone: Macmillan.
Edited print book	Williams (2015) discussed... or APA referencing style (Williams, 2015)	Williams, S.T. (ed.). (2015). Referencing: A guide to citation rules (3rd ed.). Molepolole: My Publisher
ebook	Inorganic chemistry involves.... (Valls, 2018)	Valls, R. (2018). Inorganic chemistry. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com (Downloaded: 30 October 2019)

Citation: Author(s) Last name (Year) OR (Author(s) Last name, Year

Reference: Chapter Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year) 'Chapter title', in Editor's(s) last name, Initials. (eds.) Book title. Place of publication: Publisher, page range.

In Text Citation

Reference List

Book chapter in an edited book

.... citing sources (Pears, 2016)

Pears (2016) argue that...

Pears, H. (2016) 'Donkey milk production', in Lapologang, B. et al. (eds.) Donkeys. Marapong: Sage, pp. 177-180.

Citation: Author Last name (Year) or (Author Last name, Year)

Reference: Author(s) Last Name, Initials (Year) ‘Title of paper’, Title of conference: subtitle. Location and date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, Pages numbers.

In Text Citation

Reference List

Conference paper

.... citing sources (Gopolang, 2016)

Gopolang (2016) argue that...

Gopolang, J. (2016). 'Citing right', Scholarly writing. Gaborone, 15 – 16 March. Gaborone: BUAN, pp. 65 – 69.

Citation: Author Last name (Year) or (Author Last name, Year)

Reference (print jpurnal): Author Last name, Initials. (Year) 'Article title', Journal title, Volume(Issue), pp. page numbers.

Reference (e-journal): Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year) ‘Article title’, Journal title, Volume(Issue), pp. page numbers. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

In Text Citation

Reference List

Print journal

.... citing sources (Gazni & Didegah, 2011)

Gazni and Didegah (2011) argue that...

Gazni, A. and Didegah, F. (2011) ‘Investigating different types of research collaboration and citation impact: a case study of Harvard University’s publications’, Scientometrics, 87(2), pp. 251–265.

Electronic journal

.... citing sources (Gazni & Didegah, 2011)

Gazni and Didegah (2011) argue that...

Citation: Author Last name (Year) or (Author Last name, Year)

Reference (online newspaper article): Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year) ‘Article title’, Newspaper Title, day month of publication. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

Reference (print newspaper article): Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year) ‘Article title’, Newspaper Title, date, page numbers.

Reference (online magazine article): Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year) ‘Article title’, Magazine Title, day month of publication. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

Reference (print magazine article): Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year) ‘Article title’, Magazine Title, date, page numbers.

In Text Citation

Reference List

Magazine

Mhlongo (2019) identifies.. or.... to file a death claim (Mhlongo, 2019).

Mhlongo, S. (2019). 'Death benefit claim', Bona, October, pp. 58-59

Newspaper

Gopolang (2019) stated that... or....the engineered apple (Gopolang, 2019).

Gopolang, L. (2019). 'Citation formats on another level'. The BUAN news, October, 12, pp.9. Retrieved from

https://www.buan.ac.bw/index.php/buan-news/

Citation: Author Last name (Year) or (Author Last name, Year)

Reference: Author (Year of submission) Title of thesis. Degree statement. Degree-awarding body.

Thesis or dissertation

Kgari (2016) disagrees with this.....

As argued elsewhere (Kgari, 2016)....

Kgari, K. (2016) The effect of global warming on sustainable maize production in Botswana. Unpublished PhD thesis. Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources.

Citation: (Author, year) or Author (year)

Reference: Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) 'Title of lecture/presentation' [Medium], Module Code: Module title. Institution. Day Month.

In Text Citation

Reference List

Lectures or presentations

Mazwiduma (2015) explained the presentation of farm implements...

....a tractor is popularly used (Mazwiduma, 2015).

Mazwiduma, S. (2015). 'Modern farm implements' [PowerPoint], APB 410: Research Proposal. BUAN. 11 October.

Citation: (Website name, Year) or Author(s) Last name (Year) or (Author Last name, Year)

Reference (page on a website): Webpage Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year) Pagetitle.Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

Reference (website): Website author. (Year published/Last updated) Title of Internet Site. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

In Text Citation

Reference List

Page on a website

.... citing sources (Kelly, 2004)

Kelly (2004) argue that...

Kelly, M. (2004) Environmental attitudes and behaviors: Ireland in comparative European perspective.Available at: http://www.ucd.ie/environ/home.htm(Accessed 8 February 2009)

Website

Information available from their website (Forest Conservation Botswana, 2016)...

Forest Conservation Botswana (2016). Funded projects. Available at: http://www.forestconservation.co.bw/index.php/fcb-content/cid/52/funded-projects/ (Accessed 30 October 2019).